[325] It is a blend of wood and masonry, incorporating architectural elements of other styles, from Classical revival and Spanish Revival to Victorian.[326]. This gave the island residents the right to elect representatives to the recently convened Cortes of Cádiz (effectively the Spanish government during a portion of the Napoleonic Wars), with equal representation to mainland Iberian, Mediterranean (Balearic Islands) and Atlantic maritime Spanish provinces (Canary Islands). A hurricane passes in the vicinity of the island, on average, every seven years. Spanish and English are the official languages of the executive branch of government,[10] though Spanish predominates. Puerto Rico Ühendus on Ameerika Ühendriikide omavalitsuslik inkorporeerimata organiseeritud ala Kariibi mere loodeosas Dominikaani Vabariigist ida pool Puerto Rico saarel ning mitmel väiksemal saarel, sealhulgas Mona saar, Vieques ja Culebra.. Kuigi Puerto Rico kuulub Ameerika Ühendriikidele, nimetatakse seda maaks või "sõltuvaks riigiks", nagu teisigi sõltuvaid alasid. La deuxième moitié du XIXe siècle est marquée par la lutte des Porto Ricains pour l'autonomie. En février 2021, Le gouverneur de Porto Rico, Pedro Pierluisi, a déclaré que le Congrès était «moralement obligé» de répondre au référendum de l’année dernière[réf. The Senate, controlled by the Partido Popular Democrático (PPD) and presided by Luis Muñoz Marín, approved the bill that day. During the late 16th and early 17th centuries, Spain concentrated its colonial efforts on the more prosperous mainland North, Central, and South American colonies. In early 2017, the Puerto Rican government-debt crisis posed serious problems for the government which was saddled with outstanding bond debt that had climbed to $70 billion. Other private universities include the multi-campus Inter American University, the Pontifical Catholic University, Universidad Politécnica de Puerto Rico, and the Universidad del Sagrado Corazón. Puerto Rico is represented in the United States Congress by a nonvoting delegate, the resident commissioner, currently Jenniffer González. Le peuplement de Porto Rico débuta avec l'établissement de la culture Ortoiroide venant, via les Petites Antilles de la région de l'Orénoque dans le nord de l'Amérique du Sud. Puerto Rico is currently under the responsibility of United States Northern Command. Dependencies and Areas of Special Sovereignty", "U.S. Department of State. Le capitaine général Don Ramon de Castro réussit à repousser l'attaque. The school was free of charge and the courses taught were Latin language, literature, history, science, art, philosophy and theology.[305]. Alors qu'elle renouvelle son allégeance à au roi, la Junte centrale suprême est invitée à voter pour l'élection des représentants des colonies. The largest private university systems on the island are the Sistema Universitario Ana G. Mendez which operates the Universidad del Turabo, Metropolitan University and Universidad del Este. For example, in FY2011 the government-owned corporations reported aggregated losses of more than $1.3B with the Puerto Rico Highways and Transportation Authority (PRHTA) reporting losses of $409M, the Puerto Rico Electric Power Authority (PREPA; the government monopoly that controls all electricity on the island) reporting losses of $272M, while the Puerto Rico Aqueducts and Sewers Authority (PRASA; the government monopoly that controls all water utilities on the island) reported losses of $112M. [327], The book described all the fruits and commercial establishments of the time, mostly centered in the towns of San Juan and Ponce. Plus petites des îles des Grandes Antilles, Porto Rico était une étape dans le passage entre l'Europe et Cuba, le Mexique, l'Amérique centrale et le nord de l'Amérique du Sud. Natural disasters, including a major earthquake and tsunami in 1918 and several hurricanes, as well as the Great Depression, impoverished the island during the first few decades under U.S. Baseball was one of the first sports to gain widespread popularity in Puerto Rico. Puerto Rico still receives Spanish and European immigration. This step would mean 360,000 fewer visitors, with a loss to the island's economy of 44 million. Manuel Rojas, Mathias Brugman, Mariana Bracetti, Francisco Ramírez Medina et Lola Rodriguez de Tió sont les figures marquantes de ce soulèvement. [169][170][171][172][173] Other major sources of recent immigrants include Cuba, Mexico, Colombia, Panama, Jamaica, Venezuela, Spain, and Nigeria. The islet is still dotted with the various forts and walls, such as La Fortaleza, Castillo San Felipe del Morro, and Castillo San Cristóbal, designed to protect the population and the strategic Port of San Juan from the raids of the Spanish European competitors. Spanish rule led to the displacement and assimilation of the native population, the forced migration of African slaves, and settlement primarily from the Canary Islands and Andalusia. The highest temperature ever recorded was 99 °F (37 °C) at Arecibo,[131] while the lowest temperature ever recorded was 40 °F (4 °C) in the mountains at Adjuntas, Aibonito, and Corozal. The oldest rocks are approximately 190 million years old (Jurassic) and are located at Sierra Bermeja in the southwest part of the island. "[164] Another study estimates 63.7% European, 21.2% (Sub-Saharan) African, and 15.2% Native American; European ancestry is more prevalent in the West and in Central Puerto Rico, African in Eastern Puerto Rico, and Native American in Northern Puerto Rico. Le rattachement aux États-Unis est choisi par 97 % des votants portoricains, mais le référendum est largement boycotté par les sympathisants indépendantistes : le taux de participation est de 22,7 %[6]. While usually constructed of papier-mâché, coconut shells and fine metal screening are sometimes used as well. Amaya Iraolagoitia, Partner, Tax Dept", "Table 5. (2005 [1]) Géographie; Coordonnées: 2° 56′ 18″ nord, 73° 12′ 30″ ouest: Localisation; Carte de Puerto Rico Géolocalisation sur la carte : Colombie. The 65th Infantry Regiment, nicknamed "The Borinqueneers" from the original Taíno name of the island (Borinquen), is a Puerto Rican regiment of the United States Army. Puerto Rico (disambigua) sur l’encyclopédie Wikipédia (en italien) Puerto Rico (disambigua) dans le guide touristique Wikivoyage (en italien) Hongrois [modifier le wikicode] Étymologie [modifier le wikicode] De l’espagnol porto, « port », et rico, « riche ». La seule ville à rester indemne est la capitale San Juan. Puerto Ricans who become residents of a U.S. state or the District of Columbia can vote in presidential elections. [62] In 1898, Puerto Rico's first, but short-lived, quasi-autonomous government was organized as an "overseas province" of Spain. 'Free Associated State of Puerto Rico')[c] is a Caribbean island and unincorporated territory of the United States. [112], Puerto Rico held its statehood referendum during the November 3, 2020 general elections; the ballot asked one question: "Should Puerto Rico be admitted immediately into the Union as a State?" Daily temperature changes seasonally are quite small in the lowlands and coastal areas. In 1936, U.S. senator Millard Tydings introduced a bill supporting independence for Puerto Rico; he had previously co-sponsored the Tydings–McDuffie Act, which provided independence to the Philippines following a 10-year transition period of limited autonomy. Today, Puerto Ricans are also known as Boricuas, or people from Borinquen. The population of Puerto Rico has been shaped by initial Amerindian settlement, European colonization, slavery, economic migration, and Puerto Rico's status as unincorporated territory of the United States. The resident commissioner of Puerto Rico, the delegate elected by Puerto Ricans to represent them before the federal government, including the U.S. Congress, sits in the United States House of Representatives, serves and votes on congressional committees, and functions in every respect as a legislator except being denied a vote on the final disposition of legislation on the House floor. Puerto Rico. In her poem The Messenger-Bird, Felicia Hemans refers to a Puerto Rican legend concerning The Fountain of Youth, supposedly to be found in the Lucayan Archipelago. Over the past fifty years, Puerto Rican artists such as Jorge Emmanuelli, Yomo Toro, Ramito, Jose Feliciano, Bobby Capo, Rafael Cortijo, Ismael Rivera, Chayanne, Tito Puente, Eddie Palmieri, Ray Barreto, Dave Valentin, Omar Rodríguez-López, Hector Lavoe, Ricky Martin, Marc Anthony and Luis Fonsi have gained fame internationally. The recovering infrastructure from the 2017 hurricanes, as well as new governor Wanda Vázquez Garced, were put to the test against a potential humanitarian crisis. C'est le début d'une croissance économique reposant sur l'agriculture (sucre, tabac et café sont les principaux produits). L'histoire de Porto Rico commence avec les peuplements de l'archipel par les Ortoiroides entre 3000 et 2000 av. Also popular, caretas or vejigantes are masks worn during carnivals. ", Bauzá (2013; in Spanish) "La realidad de nuestra situación económica y fiscal es resultado de años de falta de acción. La première colonie, Caparra, est créée le 8 août 1508 par Juan Ponce de León, un lieutenant de Colomb qui devient plus tard le premier gouverneur de l'île. With the advent of the lively Bourbon Dynasty in Spain in the 1700s, the island of Puerto Rico began a gradual shift to more imperial attention. After the U.S. prevailed in the war, Spain ceded Puerto Rico, along with the Philippines and Guam, to the U.S. under the Treaty of Paris, which went into effect on April 11, 1899; Spain relinquished sovereignty over Cuba, but did not cede it to the U.S.[69], The United States and Puerto Rico began a long-standing metropolis-colony relationship. Le 10 février 2006 des agents du FBI arrêtent sur le territoire portoricain : Mais ils ne sont pas parvenus à s'emparer de Norberto Cintrón Fiallo, autre dirigeant indépendantiste, après des échauffourées. En 1858, le télégraphe est introduit dans l'île avec l'aide de Samuel Morse qui installe une ligne dans la ville d'Arroyo à l'Hacienda La Enriqueta. [5] Eventually traders and other maritime visitors came to refer to the entire island as Puerto Rico, while San Juan became the name used for the main trading/shipping port and the capital city. Emigration exceeds immigration. Puerto Rico is represented federally solely by one non-voting member of the House called a "Resident Commissioner." Puerto Rico (Spanish for 'Rich Port'; abbreviated PR, Taino: Boriken, Borinquen), officially the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico (Spanish: Estado Libre Asociado de Puerto Rico, lit. By the end of the 18th century, merchant ships from an array of nationalities threatened the tight regulations of the Mercantilist system, which turned each colony solely toward the European metropole and limited contact with other nations. Puerto Rico is subject to the Commerce and Territorial Clause of the Constitution of the United States and, therefore, is restricted on how it can engage with other nations, sharing the opportunities and limitations that state governments have albeit not being one. ", Quintero (2013; in Spanish) "Los indicadores de una economía débil son muchos, y la economía en Puerto Rico está sumamente debilitada, según lo evidencian la tasa de desempleo (13.5%), los altos niveles de pobreza (41.7%), los altos niveles de quiebra y la pérdida poblacional. It resulted in an estimated 116 deaths and $4 million in property damage. [116][117], The Commonwealth of Puerto Rico has an area of 5,320 square miles (13,800 km2), of which 3,420 sq mi (8,900 km2) is land and 1,900 sq mi (4,900 km2) is water. Locals call their cuisine cocina criolla. The Casals Festival takes place annually in San Juan, drawing in classical musicians from around the world. (P.R.) Written works by the native islanders of Puerto Rico were prohibited and repressed by the Spanish colonial government. [103][104], On October 30, 1950, Pedro Albizu Campos and other nationalists led a three-day revolt against the United States in various cities and towns of Puerto Rico, in what is known as the Puerto Rican Nationalist Party Revolts of the 1950s. Des instruments de musique comme les maracas et le güiro, le hamac et des mots telles que Mayagüez, Arecibo, iguane, et huracán (qui a donné l'anglais hurricane) sont des exemples de l'héritage laissé par les Taïnos. Descripción de la Ciudad e Isla de Puerto Rico was the first successful attempt at writing a comprehensive history of Puerto Rico.[327]. An increase of settlement saw the founding of 30 municipalities in the 18th century and 34 in the 19th. The Insular Police, similar to the National Guard, opened fire upon unarmed cadets and bystanders alike. Les affranchis n'entraient en possession de leurs droits qu'au bout de cinq ans[2]. The movement was largely inspired by the ideals of Simón Bolívar in establishing a United Provinces of New Granada and Venezuela, that included Puerto Rico and Cuba. Vuonna 2005 Puerto Ricossa oli 2561 asukasta. [135] A cyclone of tropical storm strength passes near Puerto Rico, on average, every five years. The first elections under this act were held the following year, on November 2, 1948. Note: The count of 25 military installations included the branch component of the Roosevelt Roads Naval facility on the island of Vieques, as distinct from the Roosevelt Roads Naval station in Cieba. In 1993, Commonwealth status won by a plurality of votes (48.6% versus 46.3% for statehood), while the "none of the above" option, which was the Popular Democratic Party-sponsored choice, won in 1998 with 50.3% of the votes (versus 46.5% for statehood). Puerto Rico has some national instruments, like the cuatro (Spanish for "four"). This includes retired personnel. Red and black were the typical colors for caretas but their palette has expanded to include a wide variety of bright hues and patterns. [83] Some political leaders, such as Pedro Albizu Campos, who led the Puerto Rican Nationalist Party, demanded a change in relations with the United States. 596 (1965). However, as Robert William Anderson states on page 14 of his book "Party Politics in Puerto Rico" (Stanford, California: Stanford University Press. He organized a protest at the University of Puerto Rico in 1935, in which four were killed by police. While Puerto Rico has its own Commonwealth judicial system similar to that of a U.S. state, there is also a U.S. federal district court in Puerto Rico, and Puerto Ricans have served as judges in that Court and in other federal courts on the U.S. mainland regardless of their residency status at the time of their appointment. These include Roberto Clemente in 1984 as an individual and in the Legends of Baseball series issued in 2000. Puerto Rico has four schools of Medicine and three ABA-approved Law Schools. La historia de Puerto Rico comenzó con el asentamiento del pueblo indígena ortoiroide en el archipiélago de Puerto Rico entre los años 3000 y 2000 a. C. Otras tribus, como la de los indios arahuacos y saladoides, poblaron la isla entre los años 430 a. C. y 1000 d. C. En el momento de la llegada de Cristóbal Colón al Nuevo Mundo en 1492, la cultura indígena dominante era la de los taínos. [142][143] Tropical Storm Karen also caused impacts to Puerto Rico during 2019.[144]. The Puerto Rico Federal Affairs Administration, along with the Office of the Resident Commissioner, manages all its intergovernmental affairs before entities of or in the United States (including the federal government of the United States, local and state governments of the United States, and public or private entities in the United States). [342] Baloncesto Superior Nacional acts as the top-level professional basketball league in Puerto Rico, and has experienced success since its beginning in 1930. From the diet of the Taíno people come many tropical roots and tubers like yautía (taro) and especially Yuca (cassava), from which thin cracker-like casabe bread is made. [46] Columbus named the island San Juan Bautista, in honor of St John the Baptist. Puerto Rican baseball players include Hall of Famers Roberto Clemente, Orlando Cepeda and Roberto Alomar, enshrined in 1973, 1999, and 2011 respectively.[339][340][341]. The book also listed and described every mine, church, and hospital in the island at the time. Le Foraker Act de 1900, qui établit un gouvernement civil et le Jones Act de 1917, qui accordent la citoyenneté américaine aux Portoricains ont ouvert la voie à l'établissement d'une constitution pour Porto Rico et des élections démocratiques en 1952. The Authority is ruled by a governing board appointed by the governor with the advice and consent of the Senate of Puerto Rico, and is run by an executive director. Néanmoins, les Britanniques réussissent à conquérir l'île et à la tenir durant plusieurs mois. They were twice reversed during the restoration of the traditional monarchy by Ferdinand VII. Strict remodeling codes were implemented to prevent new constructions from affecting the common colonial Spanish architectural themes of the old city. Ajicito or cachucha pepper, a slightly hot habanero pepper, recao/culantro (spiny leaf), achiote (annatto), peppers, ají caballero (the hottest pepper native to Puerto Rico), peanuts, guavas, pineapples, jicacos (cocoplum), quenepas (mamoncillo), lerenes (Guinea arrowroot), calabazas (tropical pumpkins), and guanabanas (soursops) are all Taíno foods. IV, § 3, cl. [234][235][236][237][238][239][240][241] In 2009, Puerto Rico paid $3.742 billion into the U.S. West Indies convoys linked Spain to the island, sailing between Cádiz and the Spanish West Indies. Similarly, words attributed to primarily West African languages were adopted in the contexts of foods, music, and dances, particularly in coastal towns with concentrations of descendants of Sub-Saharan Africans. Spanish / European influence is also seen in Puerto Rican cuisine. The government of Puerto Rico, based on the formal republican system, is composed of three branches: the executive, legislative, and judicial branch. [28], Columbus named the island San Juan Bautista, in honor of Saint John the Baptist, while the capital city was named Ciudad de Puerto Rico ("Rich Port City"). Elle se situe à 170 km au nord-est de la capitale provinciale Posadas. Porto Rico est un État libre associé aux États-Unis, situé dans la mer des Caraïbes. [331] The first free election for governor of the U.S. colony of Puerto Rico was honored on April 27, 1949, at San Juan, Puerto Rico. [149], Puerto Rico has three bioluminescent bays: rare bodies of water occupied by microscopic marine organisms that glow when touched. [178] The impact of hurricanes Maria and Irma in 2017, combined with the unincorporated territory's worsening economy, led to its greatest population decline since the U.S. acquired the archipelago. Free land was offered as an incentive to those who wanted to populate the two islands, on the condition that they swear their loyalty to the Spanish Crown and allegiance to the Roman Catholic Church. Puerto Rico has representation in all international competitions including the Summer and Winter Olympics, the Pan American Games, the Caribbean World Series, and the Central American and Caribbean Games. The second question posed three alternate status options: statehood, independence, or free association. For example, Maricarmen Aponte, a Puerto Rican and now an acting assistant secretary of state, previously served as U.S. ambassador to El Salvador.[248]. [63][64][65], In 1890, Captain Alfred Thayer Mahan, a member of the Navy War Board and leading U.S. strategic thinker, published a book titled The Influence of Sea Power upon History in which he argued for the establishment of a large and powerful navy modeled after the British Royal Navy. Since Puerto Rico is an unincorporated territory (see above) and not a U.S. state, the United States Constitution does not fully enfranchise U.S. citizens residing in Puerto Rico.[220][233]. The first writers to express their political views in regard to Spanish colonial rule of the island were journalists. This was what became the Hotel El Convento in Old San Juan. Il prend possession de son diocèse en 1513 et devient le premier évêque à arriver aux Amériques. [5] It was contested by other European powers, but remained a Spanish possession for the next four centuries. The local National Guard also incorporates a branch of the U.S. Air National Guard – known as the Puerto Rico Air National Guard – which performs missions equivalent to those of the Air National Guards of each one of the U.S. states. For example, they participated in the American Revolution, when volunteers from Puerto Rico, Cuba, and Mexico fought the British in 1779 under the command of General Bernardo de Gálvez (1746–1786),[252] and have continued to participate up to the present-day conflicts in Iraq and Afghanistan.[253]. The cultural movements across the Caribbean and North America have played a vital role in the more recent musical influences which have reached Puerto Rico. Most of these (234, 12 and 33 respectively) are found on the main island. The maximum length of the main island from east to west is 110 mi (180 km), and the maximum width from north to south is 40 mi (64 km). Puerto Rico has three international airports, the Luis Muñoz Marín International Airport in Carolina, Mercedita Airport in Ponce, and the Rafael Hernández Airport in Aguadilla, and 27 local airports. [196], The CIA World Factbook reports that 85% of the population of Puerto Rico identifies as Roman Catholic, while 15% identify as Protestant and Other. La dernière modification de cette page a été faite le 19 mars 2021 à 14:25. Dans les arènes officielles, contrôlés par le gouvernement, les coqs sont bichonnés, lavés et exposés avant le combat. [150][better source needed] However, tourism, pollution, and hurricanes have threatened the organisms.[151]. As of 2002, the literacy rate of the Puerto Rican population was 94.1%; by gender, it was 93.9% for males and 94.4% for females. citizenship. Insular Territories were commemorated in 1937, the third stamp honored Puerto Rico featuring 'La Fortaleza', the Spanish Governor's Palace. Hundreds of non-Spanish families, mainly from Corsica, France, Germany, Ireland, Italy and Scotland, also immigrated to the island.[59]. (Ana Adams: "Brincando el Charco..." in Power, Politics and Pentecostals in Latin America, Edward Cleary, ed., 1997. p. En 1870, les premières organisations politiques de l'île sont créées et deux fractions émergent. The colony's seat of government was on the forested Islet of San Juan and for a time became one of the most heavily fortified settlements in the Spanish Caribbean earning the name of the "Walled City". In 1992, President George H. W. Bush issued a memorandum to heads of executive departments and agencies establishing the current administrative relationship between the federal government and the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico. Some scholars suggest their settlement dates back about 4,000 years. Mona Island is not a municipality, but part of the municipality of Mayagüez. Puerto Rico has its own Puerto Rico National Guard, and its own state defense force, the Puerto Rico State Guard, which by local law is under the authority of the Puerto Rico National Guard. [19][20][Note 1] As it is not a state, Puerto Rico does not have a vote in the U.S. Congress, which governs it under the Puerto Rico Federal Relations Act of 1950. "Photos of police shooting with rifles (from positions previously occupied by marchers and bystanders) at bystanders running away", "La obra jurídica del Profesor David M. Helfeld (1948–2008)", "La Gobernación de Jesús T. Piñero y la Guerra Fría", "Constitution of the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico – in Spanish", "Constitution of the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico – (English translation)", "View of Congress, the Courts and the Federal Government", "Let Puerto Rico Decide How to end its Colony Status: True Nationhood Stands on the Pillar of Independence", "Let Puerto Rico Decide How To End Its Colony Status", "Members Hear Petitioners Speak up for Independence, Statehood, Free Association", "Fortuño calls for status, legislative reform votes on 12 August 2012", "Puerto Rico votes on whether to change relationship with US, elects governor and legislators", "H.R. [124] Rivers in the northern region of the island are typically longer and of higher water flow rates than those of the south, since the south receives less rain than the central and northern regions. The Adjutant General, in turn, delegates the authority over the State Guard to another officer but retains the authority over the Puerto Rico National Guard as a whole. As is the case with state governments, it has established several trade agreements with other nations, particularly with Hispanic American countries such as Colombia and Panamá.[245][246]. The Igneri tribe migrated to Puerto Rico between 120 and 400 AD from the region of the Orinoco river in northern South America. [159][160][161][162], One genetic study on the racial makeup of Puerto Ricans (including all races) found them to be roughly around 61% West Eurasian/North African (overwhelmingly of Spanish provenance), 27% Sub-Saharan African and 11% Native American. Other resolutions: 320 × 213 pixels | 640 × 427 pixels | 1,024 × 683 pixels | 1,280 × 853 pixels | 900 × 600 pixels. [197] A 2013 Pew Research survey found that only about 45% of Puerto Rican adults identified themselves as Catholic, 29% as Protestant and 20% as unaffiliated with a religion. Au cours de celui-ci il découvre Porto Rico et la baptise « San Juan Bautista », en l'honneur de Jean, Prince des Asturies, (1478-1497), fils de Ferdinand II d'Aragon et d'Isabelle Ire de Castille. The World's Best 10K, held annually in San Juan, has been ranked among the 20 most competitive races globally. Puerto Ricans have participated in many of the military conflicts in which the United States has been involved. Species endemic to the archipelago number 239 plants, 16 birds and 39 amphibians/reptiles, recognized as of 1998. These include WIPR-TV, Telemundo, Univision Puerto Rico, WAPA-TV, and WKAQ-TV. Hendricksz's expedition eventually helped propel a fortification frenzy. Only fundamental rights under the American federal constitution and adjudications are applied to Puerto Ricans. Héritage espagnol, les peleas de gallosmettent encore en ébullition les portoricains, qui parient parfois de petites fortunes sur leur champion préféré. Le Docteur Betances fonde le Comité Revolucionario de Puerto Rico (le comité révolutionnaire de Porto Rico) en janvier 1868. [231], Puerto Ricans "were collectively made U.S. citizens" in 1917 as a result of the Jones-Shafroth Act. 396 (1967), and VIENTOS-GASTON, "Informe del Procurador General sobre el idioma", 36 Rev. [273], The Commonwealth had been defaulting on many debts, including bonds, since 2015. This means that it is part of the United States and citizens of Puerto Rico are citizens of the United States as well. [81], In 1917, the U.S. Congress passed the Jones–Shafroth Act (popularly known as the Jones Act), which granted Puerto Ricans born on or after April 25, 1898 U.S. Durant cette période, la culture Taïno se développa et environ 1000 apr. The first, the Puerto Ricans for Puerto Rico Party (PPR in Spanish) was registered that same year. Un article de Wikipédia, l'encyclopédie libre. The tradition of cooking complex stews and rice dishes in pots such as rice and beans are also thought to be originally European (much like Italians, Spaniards, and the British). Cela donne aux Porto-Ricains une citoyenneté conditionnelle. It was modified and ratified by the U.S. Congress, approved by President Truman on July 3 of that year, and proclaimed by Governor Muñoz Marín on July 25, 1952—the anniversary of the landing of U.S. troops in the Puerto Rican Campaign of the Spanish–American War, until then celebrated as an annual Puerto Rico holiday. [198], By 2014, a Pew Research report, with the sub-title Widespread Change in a Historically Catholic Region, indicated that only 56% of Puerto Ricans were Catholic and that 33% were Protestant; this survey was completed between October 2013 and February 2014.[199][166]. Puerto Rico is composed of Cretaceous to Eocene volcanic and plutonic rocks, overlain by younger Oligocene and more recent carbonates and other sedimentary rocks. 588–89. 164). The architecture of Puerto Rico demonstrates a broad variety of traditions, styles and national influences accumulated over four centuries of Spanish rule, and a century of American rule. The most populous city is the capital, San Juan, with 318,441 people based on a 2019 estimate by the Census Bureau. Maantiede. Située dans le nord-est de la mer des Caraïbes, Porto Rico est un élément clef de l'empire colonial espagnol depuis les premières années de l'exploration, la conquête jusqu'à la colonisation du Nouveau Monde. U.S. Const. Cette culture disparut durant la seconde moitié du XVIe siècle à cause de l'exploitation par les colons espagnols, les guerres que ces derniers menèrent contre les Amérindiens et les maladies européennes. A moratorium on lawsuits by debtors was extended to May 31. At the local level, Puerto Rico established by law that the international relations which states and territories are allowed to engage must be handled by the Department of State of Puerto Rico, an executive department, headed by the secretary of state of Puerto Rico, who also serves as the unincorporated territory's lieutenant governor. Puerto Rico's agricultural sector represents less than 1% of GNP. In the late 19th century, with the arrival of the first printing press and the founding of the Royal Academy of Belles Letters, Puerto Rican literature began to flourish. English is the primary language of less than 10% of the population. Internal Revenue Gross Collections, by Type of Tax and State, Fiscal year 2009", "Relaciones comerciales entre Colombia y Puerto Rico", "She's Puerto Rico's Only Link to Washington.